Plagiarism and Academic Integrity

Plagiarism and Academic Integrity

Q-1)What is Plagiarism and what are its consequences?

Definition of Plagiarism 

Plagiarism is derived from the Latin word plagiarius ("kidnapper"), to plagiarize means "to commit literary theft" and to "present as new and original an ides or product derived from an existing source". 

Consequences of Plagiarism 

Research has the power to affect opinions and actions, responsible writers compose their work with great care. They specify when they refer to an- other author's ideas, facts, and words, whether they want to agree with, object to, or analyze the source. This kind of documentation not only recognizes the work writers do; it also tends to discourage the circulation of error.

Q-1 What happens if journalists do plagiarism?

Q-2 What happens if writers do plagiarism?

Q-3 What happens if student do plagiarism?

When journalists, are exposed as plagiarists, they are likely to lose their jobs, and they are certain to suffer public embarrassment and loss of prestige. Almost always, the course of a writer's career is permanently affected by a single act of plagiarism. The serious consequences of plagiarism reflect the value the public places on trustworthy information.

Students exposed as plagiarists may suffer severe penalties, ranging from failure in the assignment or in the course to expulsion from school. This is because student plagiarism does considerable harm. For one thing, it damages teachers' relationships with students, turning teachers into detectives instead of mentors and fostering suspicion instead of trust. By undermining institutional standards for assigning grades and awarding degrees, student plagiarism also becomes a matter of significance to the public. When graduates' skills and knowledge fail to match their grades, an institution's reputation is damaged. For example, no one would choose to be treated by a physician who obtained a medical degree by fraud. Finally, students who plagiarize harm themselves. They lose an important opportunity to learn how to write a research paper Knowing how to collect and analyze information and reshape it in essay form is essential to academic success." This knowledge is also required in a wide range of careers in law, journalism, engineering, public policy, teaching, business, government, and not for profit organizations.

Mark Rose notes the tie between our writing and our sense of self-a tie that, he believes, influenced the idea that a piece of writing could belong to the person who wrote it! Rose says that our sense of ownership of the words we write "is deeply) rooted in our conception of ourselves as individuals with at least a/ modest grade of singularity, some degree of personality. It is essential for all student writers to understand how to avoid committing plagiarism.

Q-2)Short note on:-

a.) Forms of Plagiarism

b.) When Documentation is not needed

 c.) Issues related to Plagiarism

a)Forms of Plagiarism 

The most blatant firm of plagiarism is to obtain and submit as your own a paper written by someone else Other, less conspicuous forms of plagiarism include the failure to give appropriate acknowledgment when repeating or paraphrasing another's wording, when taking a particularly apt phrase, and when paraphrasing another's argument or presenting another's line of thinking.

1)Repeating or Paraphrasing Wording

Suppose, for example, that we want to use the material in the following passage, which appears on page 625 of an essay by Wendy Martin in the book Columbia Literary History of the United States.

Original Source

Same of Dickinson's most powerful poems express her firmly held conviction that life cannot be fully comprehended without an under standing of death.

If you write the following sentence without documentation, you have plagiarized because you borrowed another's wording without acknowledgment, even though you changed its form:

Plagiarism 

Emily Dickinson firmly believed that we cannot fully comprehend life unless we also understand death.

But you may present the material if you cite your source:

As Wendy Martin has suggested, Emily Dickinson firmly believed that we cannot fully comprehend life unless we also understand death (625).

The source is indicated, in accordance with MLA style, by the name of the author ("Wendy Martin") and by a page reference in parenthesis.to the corresponding entry in the works-cited list, which appears at the end of the paper.

Martin, Wendy. "Emily Dickinson." Columbia Literary History of the United States. Emory Elliott, gen. ed. New York: Columbia UP, 1988, 609-26. Print

2)Taking a Particularly Apt Phrase

Original Source 

Everyone uses the word language and everybody these days talks about culture.... "Languaculture" is a reminder, I hope, of the necessary connection between its two parts.... (Michael Agar, Language Shock: Understanding the Culture of Conversation [New York: Morrow, 1994; print: 60])

If you write the following sentence without documentation, you have committed plagiarism because you borrowed without acknowledgment a term ("languaculture") invented by another writer:

Plagiarism 

At the intersection of language and culture lies a concept that we might call "Languaculture."

But you may present the material if you cite your source: At the intersection of language and culture lies a concept that Michael Agar has called "languaculture" .

In this revision, the author's name refers the reader to the full description of the work in the works-cited list at the end of the paper, and the parenthetical documentation identifies the location of the borrowed material in the work.

Agar, Michael. Language Shock Understanding the Culture of Conversation. New York: Morrow, 1994. Print.

3)Paraphrasing an Argument or Presenting a Line of Thinking

Original Source 

Humanity faces a quantum leap forward. It faces the deepest social upheaval and creative restructuring of all time. Without clearly recognizing it, we are engaged in building a remarkable civilization from the ground up. This is the meaning of the Third Wave.

Until now the human race has undergone two great waves of change, each one largely obliterating earlier cultures or civilizations and replacing them with the ways of life inconceivable to those who came before. The First Wave of change-the agricultural revolution- took thousands of years to play itself out. The Second Wave-the rise of industrial civilization-took a mere hundred years. Today history is even more accelerative, and it is likely that the Third Wave will sweep across history and complete itself in a few decades. (Alvin Toffler. The Third Wave [1980, New York: Bantam, 1981; print: 10])

If you write the following sentence without documentation, you have committed plagiarism because you borrowed another writer's line of thinking without acknowledgment.

Plagiarism 

There have been two revolutionary periods of change in history: the agricultural revolution and the industrial revolution. The agricultural revolution determined the course of history for thousands of years; the industrial civilization lasted about a century. We are now on the threshold of a new period of revolutionary change, but this one may last for only a few decades.

But you may present the material if you cite your source:

According to Alvin Toffler, there have been two revolutionary periods of change in history: the agricultural revolution and the industrial revolution. The agricultural revolution determined the course of history for thousands of years; the industrial civilization lasted about a century. We are now on the threshold of a new period of revolutionary change, but this one may last for only a few decades .

In this revision, the author's name refers the reader to the full description of the work in the works-cited list at the end of the paper, and the parenthetical documentation identifies the location of the borrowed material in the work.

Toffler, Alvin, The Third Wave, 1980. New York: Bantam, 1981. Print.

b)When Documentation is not needed 

In addition to documenting direct quotations and paraphrases, you should consider the status of the information and ideas you glean from sources in relation to your audience and to the scholarly consensus on your topic. In general, information and ideas you deem broadly known by your readers and widely accepted by scholar such as the basic biography of an author or the dates of a historical event, can be used without documentation. But where readers are likely to seek more guidance or where the facts are in significant dispute among scholars, documentation is needed; you could attribute a disputed fact to the source with which you agree or could document the entire controversy. While direct quotations and paraphrases are always documented, scholars seldom document proverbs, sayings. and clichés If we have any doubt about whether we are committing plagiarism, cite your source or sources.

c) Related Issues 

1) Reusing a Research Paper

We must complete a research project to earn a grade in a course, handing in a paper you already earned credit for in another course is deceitful. Moreover, we lose the opportunity to improve your knowledge and skills. If we want to rework a paper that you prepared for another course, ask your current instructor for permission to do so. If we wish to draw on or reuse portions of your previous writing in a new paper, ask your instructor for guidance.

2)Collaborative Work

An example of collaborative work is a group project you carry out with other students. Join: participation in research and writing is common and, in fact, encouraged in many courses and in many professions It does not constitute plagiarism provided that credit is given for all contributions. One way to give credit, if roles were clearly demarcated or were unequal, is to state exactly who did what. Another way. especially if roles and contributions were merged and shared, is to acknowledge all concerned equally. Ask your instructor for advice if you are not certain how to acknowledge collaboration.

3)Research on Human Subjects

Many academic institutions have policies governing research on hu- man subjects. Examples of research involving human subjects include clinical trials of a drug or personal interviews for a psychological study. Institutions usually require that researchers obtain the informed con- sent of human subjects for such projects. Although research for a paper in high school or college rarely involves human subjects, ask your instructor about your institution's policy if yours does.

4)Copyright Infringement

Whereas summaries, paraphrases, and brief quotations in research papers are normally permissible with appropriate acknowledgment, reproducing and distributing an entire copyrighted work or significant portions of it without obtaining permission to do so from the copyright holder is an infringement of copyright law and a legal offense, even if the violator acknowledges the source. This is true for works in all media. 

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